Pada tanggal 19-21 Oktober 2021 lalu, telah dilaksanakan kegiatan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM) yang dilakukan oleh Mahasiswa dan Mahasiswi Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pamulang. PKM dilakukan dalam rangka implementasi ilmu hukum yang telah diampu di Universitas Pamulang serta tidak lupa juga sebagai bentuk Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi yang bertujuan untuk melahirkan para pemuda atau orang-orang terpelajar yang memiliki semangat tinggi, pemikiran yang kreatif, mandiri, dan inovatif agar dapat membangun bangsa diberbagai sektor sesuai dengan kemampuan.
Kelas 06HUKE002 sebagai pelaksana PKM yang ditugaskan di Kelurahan Pondok Jagung, Serpong -Tangerang Selatan didampingi oleh Dosen Pembimbing Bapak Edi Sofwan, S.H.I., M.H. Terdiri dari 6 kelompok dengan tema masing-masing yang behubungan dengan ilmu hukum serta pelaksanaannya dalam kehidupan masyarakat terutama di Kelurahan Pondok Jagung. Salah satu dari 6 Kelompok yang ditugaskan, Kelompok 2 yang diketuai oleh Rismawati dan para anggota kelompok yaitu : Aditia Ester Sri Wulandari, Sri Mulyani, Venesia Dara Anggistya dan Yuraini, mengangkat tema Dampak Pernikahan Dini Terhadap Kehidupan Berkeluarga Dan Bermasyarakat Merujuk Pada UU No. 16 Tahun 2019 Atas Perubahan UU No. 1 Tahun 1974.
Gambar: Kelompok 2
Dalam sosialisasi yang disampaikan oleh Kelompok 2, menjelaskan tentang apa itu pengertian pernikahan dini, serta dasar hukum, dan mengapa bisa sebuah pernikahan dapat disebut sebagai pernikahan dini. Serta tidak lupa juga, apa saja faktor yang mempengaruhinya dan dampak dari pernikahan dini tersebut sehingga sangat berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan rumah tangga yang nantinya akan dijalani oleh pasangan yang menjalani pernikahan dini tersebut.
Para peserta yang hadir yaitu masyarakat sekitar Kelurahan Pondok Jagung, umumnya mengetahui arti dari pernikahan dini, namun tidak semuanya mengetahui dengan pasti usia yang diperbolehkan untuk melangsungkan sebuah pernikahan. Setelah materi sosialisasi disampaikan, diharapkan peserta lebih mengetahui bahwa dampak yang akan ditimbulkan dari pernikahan dini bisa berimbas kepada jalinan tali pernikahan kedepannya, kehidupan bermasyarakat dengan lingkungan sekitar, bahkan dampak terburuknya bisa mempengaruhi psikis manusia hingga menyebabkan kematian. Selain itu sosialisasi ini untuk memberikan pemahaman kepada peserta dalam menurunkan tingkat perceraian akibat dari perkawinan usia dini, sekaligus menekankan kepada peserta agar mengutamakan pendidikan untuk anak, minimal tingkat sekolah menengah atas. Setelahnya Kelompok 2 membuka sesi tanya jawab yang diajukan oleh peserta dan ditanggapi oleh anggota kelompok 2.
Gambar:Sesi tanya jawab
PKM diakhiri pada Kamis, 21 Oktober 2021 dengan simbolis penyerahan plakat dari Dosen dan Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pamulang. Diharapkan kedepannya kerjasama Universitas Pamulang dengan Kelurahan Pondok Jagung dapat terus berjalan dan kegiatan PKM dapat terus dilakukan setiap tahunnya dengan tema yang berbeda, hal tersebut sebagai bakti kami Mahasiswa dan Mahasiswi Universitas Pamulang terhadap masyarakat.
Dani Pedrosa is the most prolific active MotoGP winner in Spain, a
country which takes its motorcycle racing very seriously. Now a mature
and seasoned 27, Pedrosa is the quintessential rising star, having
dazzled at every step of his career.
Hand-picked to move to the
World Championship after impressing in the 1999 Movistar Activa Cup, a
series meant to foster young talent in Spain, Pedrosa moved to the
world stage in 2001 and began to re-write the record books. He won
twice in 2002, then secured the 2003 125cc World Championship with five
wins.
The following year he won the 250cc title in his first try
and repeated in 2005. By the time he was 20, he’d already won three
world championships and was ready to move to the senior class. On the
podium in his very first MotoGP race, Pedrosa took his maiden MotoGP
win three races later, making him the youngest rider to have won GP’s
in all three classes, with all of his success coming on Hondas .
The
hotbed of Spanish motorcycle racing is in the area surrounding
Barcelona, which is where Pedrosa was born, in the suburb of Sabadell.
Like most riders, he began on minibikes, riding with outrigger wheels
while a four-year-old and soon showing his skills on the local go-kart
tracks. His seriousness about racing came into focus as a ten-year-old
when he won the Spanish minibike series in 1998. Then came the move to
the Activa Cup, a series featuring identically prepared RS125 race
bikes supplied by Honda Spain and backed by Telefonica Movistar.
Pedrosa’s
destiny would be decided when he drew the attention of Alberto Puig, a
former GP winner who had established a successful second career in
fostering young talent. Puig was impressed by his fellow Spaniard’s
abilities and he arranged for Pedrosa to move to the 125cc World
Championship in 2001. His ascent was swift. The first of his now 31 GP
wins came in Assen in 2002 and in 2003 he won the first of his world
championships.
A promotion to the 250cc class followed in 2004.
Now aboard a Honda RS250W, Pedrosa won a thrilling season-opener in
South Africa, quickly following it up with a win in the third race in
Spain. He secured the title by 61 points and won the 2005 by almost as
many. MotoGP beckoned, with Pedrosa winning twice aboard the Repsol
Honda RC212V in his rookie season. In more than six decades of GP
racing, Pedrosa is the third youngest rider to have won a premier-class
GP, after Honda hero Freddie Spencer and the late Norick Abe.
The
move to 800’s in 2007 allowed Pedrosa to showcase the high speed
cornering technique he’d developed in the smaller classes. Two wins at
Sachsenring and Valencia came en route to second in the season point
standings, Pedrosa establishing himself as a potential title MotoGP
contender in the process.
Pedrosa started strong in 2008,
finishing on the podium nine times, including two wins, which
catapulted him into the championship lead. But a hand injury, suffered
while leading the German GP, would force him to skip the next race at
Laguna Seca, ultimately derailing his title hopes. A strong end of
season push of three podiums in the final four races, helped to secure
him third overall.
Pedrosa’s reputation as a rider susceptible
to injuries struck once again ahead of the 2009 season when a
pre-season accident prevented him from completing testing and he began
the year on the back foot. Though a swift recovery had him on the
podiums in rounds two, three and four, a minor fracture of femur at
Mugello set him back again and effectively ended any hopes of a title
challenge.
Pedrosa marked his return to competitiveness with
victory at Laguna Seca, while a string of following podiums – including
a second win at Valencia – pushed him up to third overall behind the
two Yamahas.
Desperate to stay injury-free in 2010, Pedrosa
overcame a stuttered start to the season to emerge as Jorge Lorenzo’s
nearest title contender. A win at Mugello formed the basis of his
challenge, while further successes at Sachsenring, Indianapolis and
Misano, as well as podiums at Assen, Barcelona, Brno and Aragon, helped
to keep countryman Lorenzo honest.
However, disaster struck
Pedrosa during practice for the Japanese Grand Prix when an accident
left him with a fractured collarbone, ruling him out of three races and
ending any title dreams. A cautious return in the final two rounds
nonetheless enabled him to take the runners-up spot.
Joined by
Casey Stoner at Repsol Honda for 2011, Pedrosa’s role as team leader
was under threat, though while his compatriot was certainly fast on the
RC212V, the Spaniard was also thriving on the much improved machine.
Enjoying his best start to a season yet, which included a win at
Estoril, Pedrosa proved he was very much in the hunt.
However,
his horrendous luck once again surfaced when he was involved in a
controversial collision with Marco Simoncelli (for which the Italian
was blamed) at Le Mans, an accident that left him with a broken
collarbone.
Keeping him sidelined for a further three races,
Pedrosa’s title challenge once again floundered, but he did at least
give an idea what could have been by proving swift on his return,
winning at Sachsenring and Motegi, even if he never showed pace to
match dominant title winner Stoner.
Eventually finishing the
season fourth, just behind his other team-mate Andrea Dovizioso,
Pedrosa was nonetheless given the nod over the Italian for 2012 when
Honda opted to slim down to a two-man team.
With most eyes on
Stoner, Pedrosa came into the year as something of a relative underdog,
a status perpetuated by a meagre start to the year during which he was
out-performed by his team-mate and Jorge Lorenzo.
However, as
the season neared its mid-way point, the pendulum of momentum was
shifting back towards Pedrosa’s, his consistency at least keeping him
in touch with Lorenzo and Stoner even before he notched up his first
win of the season at the Sachsenring.
With Stoner going on to
rule himself out of contention with an accident at Indianapolis three
races later, Pedrosa was elevated to Honda’s key title fighter, a role
he embraced with a stunning run of form during the latter half of the
year. Winning six of the final eight races, though his cause was helped
by a cautious Lorenzo protecting his advantage by finishing second on
nearly each occasion, Pedrosa’s form at least kept the pressure up.
In
the end, a crash at Misano – caused by an errant Hector Barbera – left
him with too much to do before a self-inflicted accident at Phillip
Island officially handed Lorenzo the title. Despite this, Pedrosa’s
seven wins still made him the winningest rider of 2012 and marked his
best-ever MotoGP campaign in a year that many perceived as critical to
his Honda future.
With Stoner retiring, Pedrosa resumes team
leader status alongside upstart Marc Marquez, the Spaniard hoping he
can continue his momentum into 2013.
Valentino Rossi pembalap kelahiran Urbino, Italia 16 Februari 1979 adalah seorang pembalap di arena balap grandprix motor dunia setelah era Michael Doohan dengan titel juara dunia di empat kelas berbeda yang diraihnya selama tujuh tahun berkarir. Putra dari mantan pembalap GP 250cc Graziano Rossi dan Stefania Palma ini telah mempunyai banyak rekor dan prestasi yang melampaui para seniornya. Total pembalap eksentrik ini membukukan 7 gelar juara dunia : sekali di kelas 125cc, sekali di kelas 250cc, lima kali di kelas puncak, 500cc, dan Moto GP.
Dalam karirnya sepanjang GP Rossi selalu memakai nomor 46, ia memakai nomor itu setelah menonton aksi seorang pembalap wildcard Jepang bernomor 46 di TV yang membuatnya terkesan. Apalagi nomor itu juga dipakai oleh Graziano Rossi, ayahnya, ketika memenangi lomba pertama dengan Morbidelli tahun 1979. Saat ini ia tetap memakai nomor 46 kebanggaanya itu dan tidak mengikuti juara dunia-juara dunia sebelumnya yang memilih berganti nomor 1 setelah mendapatkan titel juara dunia.
Saat pertama bergabung di Gp 500cc bersama tim eks Doohan yang dikepalai oleh seorang mekanik handal Australia bernama Jerremy Burgess, suasana paddock sangat terpengaruh perangai Doohan yang temperamental. Semua mekanik dan staff tim tampak serius dan cenderung penuh tekanan. Suasana ini membuat Rossi bertekad untuk merayakan besar-besaran ketika menang. Sejak saat itulah, pesta kemenangan menjadi ciri khasnya. Tak hanya bersama teman, juga ribuan pendukungnya yang memadati sirkuit. Ia juga melakukan Aksi “wheelie” dan “burnout” jika memperoleh kemenangan dan kerap memberikan “kneepad” atau topi kepada fansnya dengan melemparnya saat berada di podium.
Dalam karir balapnya, Rossi selalu berganti julukan dan melakukan hal-hal yang menarik perhatian serta menghibur. Ia beralasan bahwa semua itu dilakukannya dengan niat bersenang-senang dan melakukan sesuatu yang lucu. “Rossifumi”, julukan Rossi yang diberikan oleh temannya saat Rossi membalap di kelas 125cc. Julukan ini tercipta karena Rossi kagum dengan pembalap Jepang yang khas dengan rambut panjangnya, Norick Abe. Tahun 2004, Rossi dan Abe sama-sama membela Yamaha. Rossi berada di tim Gauloises Fortuna Yamaha Team sedangkan Abe di Fortuna Gauloises Tech 3 Yamaha Team.
“Valentinik”, julukan ini berasal dari tokoh kartun “Daffy Duck” yang menjadi “superhero” di Italia bernama Paperinik. Julukan ini dipakainya pada saat membalap di kelas 250cc. Julukan lainnya adalah “The Doctor” setelah ia naik di kelas 500cc pada musim 2000. Pada akhir musim 2003 menjelang musim 2004, Valentino Rossi membuat keputusan untuk hijrah dari tim pabrikan Honda, Repsol Honda HRC. Ia memilih bergabung bersama tim Yamaha yang terakhir meraih juara dunia pada tahun 1992 melalui pembalap Wayne Rainey. Rossi tidak pindah ke tim Yamaha sendirian, ia juga membawa Jerremy Burgess, kepala mekaniknya yang dahulu juga menangani Doohan dan Criville. Mereka melakukan serangkaian tes membenahi teknologi motor Yamaha YZR M1 milik Rossi agar mampu menandingi motor terkuat di Moto GP saat itu, RC211V milik Honda.
Mengenai kepindahannya, banyak yang tak mengira dan pesimis bahwa Rossi akan mampu mempertahankan gelar juaranya. Tapi ia mementahkan semua pandangan pesimis tersebut. Bahkan pada seri pertama musim 2004 di GP Welkom, Afrika Selatan, ia mengalahkan Max Biaggi yang mengendari motor Honda, meskipun dengan perlawanan yang sangat ketat dengan mengendarai motor yamaha yang terakhir berada di podium tahun 1992. Pada tahun 2004 dan 2005 Rossi mejadi juara dunia bersama Yamaha dan menjadi pembalap Yamaha pertama yang paling banyak menjadi juara dalam satu musim (9 kali juara pada musim 2005).
Pada tahun 2011, Valentino Rossi kemudian pindah ke Ducati, ada banyak alasan mengapa Rossi berpindah haluan ke Ducati, Salah satu yang sempat mencuat adalah alasan Rossi pindah ke Ducati adalah hanya karena uang. Nilai kontrak yang jauh lebih tinggi bersama Ducati dikabarkan menjadi daya tarik utama buat “The Doctor”. Namun belakangan alasan itu dibantah sendiri oleh Valentino Rossi. The Doctor membantah dan menegaskan jika uang yang dia terima di Ducati tak jauh berbeda jumlahnya dengan yang ditawarkan pihak Yamaha. Selama dua tahun bersama Ducati, praktis Rossi tak pernah merasakan sekali pun kemenangan. Prestasi paling top adalah peringkat dua di GP Prancis
dan GP Marino pada 2012, dan peringkat tiga di GP Prancis pada 2011.kemudian Pada tahun 2013, Valentino Rossi kembali ke Yamaha, Alasan ia kembali adalah Rossi sangat ketagihan dengan kemenangan, yang menurutnya rasanya seperti candu. Karena ketagihan dengan candu kemenangan itu pula, ia memutuskan kembali ke Yamaha.
Rossi untuk sementara memegang rekor sepanjang masa untuk jumlah kemenangan di kelas premier. Sejak melakukan debutnya pada tahun 2000, pebalap berusia 33 tahun ini sudah meraih 79 kemenangan dan merengkuh tujuh gelar juara dunia. Total bersama Yamaha ia sudah meraih 46 kemenangan, termasuk empat kali juara dunia 4 (2004-2005, 2008-2009). Kemenangan terakhirnya di kelas paling bergengsi ini terjadi pada tahun 2010 di Sepang, Malaysia.
BIODATA
Nama : Valentino Rossi
Lahir : Urbino, 16 Februari 1979
Kebangsaan : Italia
Tinggi/Berat : 180cm/69kg
Karir :
1. Go-kart pertama (1985)
2. Debut balap karting 60cc (1989)
3. Juara kejuaraan karting regional 60cc, sembilan kali menang (1990)
4. Peringkat 5 di Kejuaraan Junior go-kart Italia (1991)
5. Juara Italian Minibike Endurance (1992)
6. Peringkat 12 Italian 125cc Sport Production championship dengan motor Cagiva (1993)
7. Juara Italian 125cc Sport Production dengan motor Cagiva (1994)
8. Juara nasional Italia 125cc, peringkat 3 125cc Kejuaraan Eropa, peringkat 11 di Kejuaraan, Spanish
9. Open 125cc semuanya dengan motor Aprilia (1995)
10. Debut kejuaraan dunia di GP Malaysia 125cc menggunakan Aprilia tim Scuderia AGV (1996) kejuaraan dengan 321 poin, 11 Kemenangan di Malaysia, Spanyol, Italia, Perancis, Belanda, Imola,
Jerman, Brazil, Inggris, Catalunya, dan Indonesia (1997)
11. Juara dunia 125cc termuda ke-2 mengendarai Aprilia di tim Nastro Azzuro Team, Posisi pertama di
Pindah kelas ke 250cc mengendarai Aprilia tim Nastro Azzuro, Posisi kedua di kejuaraan dengan 201 poin, 5 kemenangan di Belanda, Imola, Catalunya, Australia, dan Argentina (1998)
12. Menjadi juara dunia 250cc termuda dengan mengendarai Aprilia untuk tim Aprilia Grand Prix Racing,
Posisi pertama di kejuaraan dengan 309 poin, 9 kemenangan di Spanyol, Italia, Catalunya, Inggris, Jerman, Ceko, Australia, Afrika Selatan, dan Brazil (1999)
13. Naik kelas lagi ke 500cc mengendarai Honda untuk tim Nastro Azzuro Team, Posisi kedua di kejuaraan dengan 209 poin, 2 kali menang di Inggris dan Brazil (2000)
14. Merebut gelar juara dunia 500cc dengan mengendarai Honda untuk tim Nastro Azzuro Team, Posisi pertama di kejuaraan dengan 325 poin, 11 kemenangan di Jepang, Afrika Selatan, Spanyol, Catalunya, Inggris, Ceko, Putugal, Pasifik, Australia, Malaysia, dan Brazil (2001)
15. Memenangi Moto GP World Championship yang direvisi dengan mengendarai Honda RC211V untuk tim Repsol Honda Team, Posisi pertama di kejuaraan dengan 355 poin, koleksi 11 kemenangan di Jepang, Spanyol, Perancis, Catalunya, Italia, Belanda, Inggris, Jerman, Portugal, Brazil, dan Australia (2002)
16. Memenangi gelar juaranya yang kedua di Moto GP World Championship bersama Repsol Honda Team, Posisi pertama di kejuaraan dengan 357 poin, koleksi 9 kemenangan di Jepang, Spanyol, Italia, Ceko, Portugal, Rio, Malaysia, Australia, dan Valencia (2003)
17. Pindah ke Gauloises Fortuna Yamaha mengendarai YZR-M1 dan kembali memenangi Moto GP World Championship, Posisi pertama di kejuaraan dengan 304 poin, 9 kemenangan di Afrika Selatan, Italia, Catalunya, Belanda, Inggris, Portugal, Malaysia, Australia, dan Valencia (2004)
18. Memenangi gelar juara dunia yang kedua untuk Gauloises Fortuna Yamaha Team, Posisi pertama di kejuaraan hingga di Malaysia dengan 281 poin, 9 kemenangan di Spanyol, Cina, Perancis, Italia, Catalunya, Belanda, Inggris, Jerman, dan Ceko (2005)
Pembalap kelahiran 17 Pebruari 1993 ini memang sangat mencolok di Moto GP karena prestasi gemilangnya,sempat menduduki puncak Klasemen sementara Moto GP 2013,berikut History of Marc Marquez.
Karir Marc Marquez Di Kelas MotoGP 125cc
Marc Marquez membuat debutnya di kejuaraan pada tanggal 13 April 2008 kelas 125cc, di GP Portugal 2008 pada usia 15 tahun 56 hari. Dia adalah pembalap termuda Spanyol yang berhasil merebut posisi pole dan podium di ajang kejuaraan Moto GP.
Podium pertama
Kemenangan pertamanya diraih pada tanggal 6 Juni 2010 di GP Italia 2010. Kemenangan selanjutnya terjadi di GP Inggris 2010 , GP Belanda 2010 dan GP Catalan 2010 yang menjadikan Marquez sebagai pembalap termuda yang memenangkan empat balapan berturut-turut.
Kemenangan kelimanya diraih di GP Jerman 2010 dan menjadi kemenangan Derbi yang ke-100 di kejuaraan MotoGP. Marquez menjadi pembalap pertama sejak Valentino Rossi di 1997 yang memenangkan 5 balapan berturut-turut di balapan 125cc.
Empat kemenangan berturut-turut dari GP Jepang 2010 sampai GP Portugal 2010 telah menempatkan MA¡rquez memimpin dengan 17 poin diatas Nicolas Terol dengan hanya satu seri yang tersisa. Di GP Portugal 2010 , bendera merah berkibar di balapan karena hujan,sebelum bendera berkibar Marquez berada diposisi kedua dibawah Tero.
Pembalap termuda Di MotoGP 2013
Kemenangan di Moto GP Austin bermakna spesial untuk Marc Marquez. Pembalap Repsol Honda itu baru saja memecahkan rekor pembalap termuda yang tampil sebagai pemenang balapan di kelas primer.'
Marquez tampil sebagai pemenang dalam balapan di Circuit of the Americas, Senin (22/4/2013) dinihari WIB. Dia menyelesaikan balapan 21 lap dalam waktu 43 menit 42,123 detik dan mengalahkan rekan setimnya, Dani Pedrosa.
Dengan kemenangan ini, Marquez menjadi orang pertama yang memenangi balapan MotoGP di Circuit of the Americas. Tahun ini memang kali pertama sirkuit tersebut masuk ke kalender MotoGP.
Inilah kemenangan pertama Marquez sejak dia naik ke kelas MotoGP pada awal musim ini. Marquez cuma butuh dua seri untuk melakukannya setelah di Qatar dia finish ketiga.
Selain itu, Marquez kini tercatat sebagai pembalap termuda yang memenangi balapan di kelas primer, yakni dalam usia 20 tahun 63 hari. Rider asal Spanyol ini memecahkan rekor milik Freddie Spencer saat memenangi GP Belgia 1982, yakni 20 tahun 196 hari.
Gucci was founded by Guccio Gucci in the early 1920s. As an immigrant in Paris and then London, Guccio made a living working in luxurious hotels and was impressed with the affluent luggage he saw the guests carrying. Inspired particularly by the elevated lifestyle he witnessed in the Savoy Hotel in London, on his return to Italy he decided to merge this refined style of living with the exclusive skills of his native craftsmen. Specifically he utilised the skills of local Tuscan artisans. He began by selling leather bags to horsemen in the 1920s and graduated into luxury luggage with the emergence of horseless carriages and non-equine transport.
Together with his sons, Gucci expanded his company to include stores in Milan and Rome as well as additional shops in Florence, selling his finely crafted leather accessories as well as silks and knitwear featuring his signature logo. Within a few years the label was enjoying growing success, the cosmopolitan international elite holidaying in Florence converged on Gucci’s bottega on a quest for his equestrian inspired Gucci shoes, bags, trunks, gloves and belts.
Created in the mid 1930s the Gucci Diamante pattern was first woven onto hemp and used on luggage. What started as an innovative solution to pre-war leather shortages became the Florentine atelier’s first iconic print and the design’s criss-cross pattern was a precursor to the famous GG logo. Although utilised throughout the fifties, the Diamante canvas fell largely into disuse until it was re-discovered by Giannini in the Gucci archives and used on a limited edition collection of classic Gucci handbags, shoes and leather goods.
Many of Gucci’s local Italian clients were horse-riding aristocrats and their call for riding gear led Gucci to develop its unique Horsebit signature logo in the early 1950s. It was first used on ample saddle stitched leather Gucci handbags, since then it has been enlarged, minimalised, luxuriously embossed and branded into leather and velvet, turned into repeat patterns printed onto silk and transformed into components of Gucci jewellery. The Horsebit later played a vital role in the marketing of one of fashion’s most iconic shoes, the Gucci loafer.
Faced with scant foreign supplies during the years of Italy’s fascist dictatorship, Gucci continued to experiment with unusual materials such as hemp, linen and jute. One of his best known creations was the adding of a patina to a cane to create the handle of the new Bamboo Bag, whose curvy shape was inspired by the contours of a saddle. Over time the bamboo handle evolved from its origins as a solution to shortages and became a signature motif of many incarnations of Gucci bags. Bamboo inspired patterns have also featured on a variety of products from headscarves to watchstraps; it has even been skilfully carved into a pair of golden stiletto heels.
During the 1950s Gucci again took equestrian inspiration for the creation of its trademark green and red Web stripe, derived from the traditional colours of saddle girth strap. Throughout the brand’s history the Web stripe has appeared on an array of products. In modern collections the Web’s stripes have been morphed into various colours, materials and sizes.
With Gucci’s death in 1953 his sons Aldo, Vasco, Ugo and Rodolfo took over the family business. The brothers took the successful luggage business to new heights, opening stores round the world and making the Gucci name synonymous with celebrity and chic. Gucci products quickly became internationally renowned for their enduring style and were valued by movie icons and elite figures in the era of the Jet Set.
Jackie Kennedy Onassis sported the Gucci shoulder bag, which later became known as the Jackie O. Created in the late 1950s, the Jackie O bag was given its name after being photographed numerous times on the arm if its namesake while she was working as a consulting editor at Doubleday. Elizabeth Taylor, Samuel Beckett and Peter Sellers carried the slouchy unisex Hobo Bag.
After a personal request from the Princess of Monaco Grace Kelly, the now famous Gucci scarf print Flora was created. Flora was immensely popular amongst European women, who held it in such regard that they passed this loyalty onto their daughters. One was Princess Caroline of Monaco who adopted her mothers scarf print into her daily wardrobe.
By the early 1960s Gucci had adopted the celebrated double interlocking G logo, creating yet another trademark insignia for the company. Single or double Gs were squared off and used as fastenings for bags; these were developed and produced at Gucci’s own forge at its historic workshop on Via delle Caldaie in Florence. The double Gs were soon transferred onto the internationally recognised cotton canvas luggage. The GG monogram solidified the company’s fame and the Gucci name was carried around the globe in the much-photographed company of movie stars, aristocrats and socialites. The GG logo became a status symbol and hallmark of high glamour, luxury and desirability. Over time the squared off G logo has been endlessly re-worked, merged into a circle, inverted, abstracted and even controversially shaved into a model’s pubic hair.
Throughout the 1960s Gucci continued its global expansion opening Gucci shops in London, the USA and the lucrative emerging market of the Far East. Following the enlargement of their luggage business, the company developed the first RTW Gucci collection, heavily featuring the double G logo.
The brand was now becoming known not just for its exceptional Italian quality and craftsmanship, but also for its innovative and audacious clothing line. The Gucci insignia were constantly re-invented through new shapes, colours and techniques, the GG logo was burnt through suede and leather, again being inspired by equestrian branding. The company used ever more opulent materials, the finest leathers and suede and exotic animal skins such as baby crocodile.
Following enormous success in the 1970s, Gucci, like many luxury labels such as Burberry, suffered a proletarian drift due to over branding and licensing of products. By the time Gucci’s creative director Dawn Mello hired a then unknown Tom Ford in 1990 ‘no one would dream of wearing Gucci’. Ford imbued the luxury brand with a sense of adventure and sensuality that reverberated throughout the fashion world and inspired a new breed of celebrity to buy Gucci.
Raised in Texas and New Mexico, Ford moved to New York to study architecture at Parsons School of Design. During his time in New York, he became a regular at the legendary nightclub Studio 54. The club’s famous disco-era mystique would become a major influence on his designs. Before completing his course at Parsons, Ford spent a year and a half in Paris where he worked as an intern at the Chloé press office, this work triggered his love of fashion. He spent his final year at Parsons studying fashion but nevertheless graduated with a degree in architecture.
By the time Ford was promoted to Gucci creative director he was being lauded as the man who was putting glamour back in fashion with his Halston style velvet hipster trousers, slim satin shirts, and super slick and shiny metallic patent boots.
The stiletto Gucci shoe and the slinky cut out jersey Gucci dress with metallurgic hardware details became instant signatures of Ford’s glitzy, glamorous vision. Ford combined an intelligent commercial sensibility with a modern feel for fashion. He became known for bringing a hedonistic sense of sex into nineties fashions previously dominated by starkly austere minimalism.
“I think his stuff will hold its own better than any other label in the contemporary resale market”, said Clair Watson, the director of couture at Doyle New York, the Upper East Side auction house. “The early years of this century are all about sex in the abstract, and Tom Ford mastered the ‘about to have sex’ look at Gucci and the mussed, smudged, post-sex look at Yves Saint Laurent. And there was Ford himself: in his tailored jeans and jackets, charcoal stubble, and stiff white shirt unbuttoned to there, sipping a martini as he took a bow. Who wouldn’t want a piece of that?”
When Frida Giannini took over the creative directorial role she explored Gucci’s rich heritage and its luxurious craftsmanship legacy, fusing past and present, history and modernity into her designs. Iconic house signature pieces such as Flora, La Pelle Guccissima, the Jackie O and the Bamboo Gucci bag were re-vamped for the new millennium. Giannini has given the signature Gucci Horsebit a new lease of life, adapting Gucci prints from the late 1960s, super magnifying them or enlarging to a huge scale to use on sinuous dresses or traveltotes.
In its most basic form a computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations. In that respect the earliest computer was the abacus, used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
Every computer supports some form of input, processing, and output. This is less obvious on a primitive device such as the abacus where input, output and processing are simply the act of moving the pebbles into new positions, seeing the changed positions, and counting. Regardless, this is what computing is all about, in a nutshell. We input information, the computer processes it according to its basic logic or the program currently running, and outputs the results.
Modern computers do this electronically, which enables them to perform a vastly greater number of calculations or computations in less time. Despite the fact that we currently use computers to process images, sound, text and other non-numerical forms of data, all of it depends on nothing more than basic numerical calculations. Graphics, sound etc. are merely abstractions of the numbers being crunched within the machine; in digital computers these are the ones and zeros, representing electrical on and off states, and endless combinations of those. In other words every image, every sound, and every word have a corresponding binary code.
While abacus may have technically been the first computer most people today associate the word “computer” with electronic computers which were invented in the last century, and have evolved into modern computers we know of today.
ENIAC
First Generation Computers (1940s – 1950s)
First electronic computers used vacuum tubes, and they were huge and complex. The first general purpose electronic computer was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer). It was digital, although it didn’t operate with binary code, and was reprogrammable to solve a complete range of computing problems. It was programmed using plugboards and switches, supporting input from an IBM card reader, and output to an IBM card punch. It took up 167 square meters, weighed 27 tons, and consuming 150 kilowatts of power. It used thousands of vacuum tubes, crystal diodes, relays, resistors, and capacitors.
The first non-general purpose computer was ABC (Atanasoff–Berry Computer), and other similar computers of this era included german Z3, ten British Colossus computers, LEO, Harvard Mark I, and UNIVAC.
IBM 1401
Second Generation Computers (1955 – 1960)
The second generation of computers came about thanks to the invention of the transistor, which then started replacing vacuum tubes in computer design. Transistor computers consumed far less power, produced far less heat, and were much smaller compared to the first generation, albeit still big by today’s standards.
The first transistor computer was created at the University of Manchester in 1953. The most popular of transistor computers was IBM 1401. IBM also created the first disk drive in 1956, the IBM 350 RAMAC.
Third Generation Computers (1960s)
IBM System/360
The invention of the integrated circuits (ICs), also known as microchips, paved the way for computers as we know them today. Making circuits out of single pieces of silicon, which is a semiconductor, allowed them to be much smaller and more practical to produce. This also started the ongoing process of integrating an ever larger number of transistors onto a single microchip. During the sixties microchips started making their way into computers, but the process was gradual, and second generation of computers still held on.
First appeared minicomputers, first of which were still based on non-microchip transistors, and later versions of which were hybrids, being based on both transistors and microchips, such as IBM’s System/360. They were much smaller, and cheaper than first and second generation of computers, also known as mainframes. Minicomputers can be seen as a bridge between mainframes and microcomputers, which came later as the proliferation of microchips in computers grew.
Fourth Generation Computers (1971 – present)
First microchips-based central processing units consisted of multiple microchips for different CPU components. The drive for ever greater integration and miniaturization led towards single-chip CPUs, where all of the necessary CPU components were put onto a single microchip, called a microprocessor. The first single-chip CPU, or a microprocessor, was Intel 4004.
The advent of the microprocessor spawned the evolution of the microcomputers, the kind that would eventually become personal computers that we are familiar with today.
First Generation of Microcomputers (1971 – 1976)
Altair 8800
First microcomputers were a weird bunch. They often came in kits, and many were essentially just boxes with lights and switches, usable only to engineers and hobbyists whom could understand binary code. Some, however, did come with a keyboard and/or a monitor, bearing somewhat more resemblance to modern computers.
It is arguable which of the early microcomputers could be called a first. CTC Datapoint 2200 is one candidate, although it actually didn’t contain a microprocessor (being based on a multi-chip CPU design instead), and wasn’t meant to be a standalone computer, but merely a terminal for the mainframes. The reason some might consider it a first microcomputer is because it could be used as a de-facto standalone computer, it was small enough, and its multi-chip CPU architecture actually became a basis for the x86 architecture later used in IBM PC and its descendants. Plus, it even came with a keyboard and a monitor, an exception in those days.
However, if we are looking for the first microcomputer that came with a proper microprocessor, was meant to be a standalone computer, and didn’t come as a kit then it would be Micral N, which used Intel 8008 microprocessor.
Popular early microcomputers which did come in kits include MOS Technology KIM-1, Altair 8800, and Apple I. Altair 8800 in particular spawned a large following among the hobbyists, and is considered the spark that started the microcomputer revolution, as these hobbyists went on to found companies centered around personal computing, such as Microsoft, and Apple.
As microcomputers continued to evolve they became easier to operate, making them accessible to a larger audience. They typically came with a keyboard and a monitor, or could be easily connected to a TV, and they supported visual representation of text and numbers on the screen.
In other words, lights and switches were replaced by screens and keyboards, and the necessity to understand binary code was diminished as they increasingly came with programs that could be used by issuing more easily understandable commands. Famous early examples of such computers include Commodore PET, Apple II, and in the 80s the IBM PC.
The nature of the underlying electronic components didn’t change between these computers and modern computers we know of today, but what did change was the number of circuits that could be put onto a single microchip. Intel’s co-founder Gordon Moore predicted the doubling of the number of transistor on a single chip every two years, which became known as “Moore’s Law”, and this trend has roughly held for over 30 years thanks to advancing manufacturing processes and microprocessor designs.
The consequence was a predictable exponential increase in processing power that could be put into a smaller package, which had a direct effect on the possible form factors as well as applications of modern computers, which is what most of the forthcoming paradigm shifting innovations in computing were about.
Possibly the most significant of those shifts was the invention of the graphical user interface, and the mouse as a way of controlling it. Doug Engelbart and his team at the Stanford Research Lab developed the first mouse, and a graphical user interface, demonstrated in 1968. They were just a few years short of the beginning of the personal computer revolution sparked by the Altair 8800 so their idea didn’t take hold.
Instead it was picked up and improved upon by researchers at the Xerox PARC research center, which in 1973 developed Xerox Alto, the first computer with a mouse-driven GUI. It never became a commercial product, however, as Xerox management wasn’t ready to dive into the computer market and didn’t see the potential of what they had early enough.
It took Steve Jobs negotiating a stocks deal with Xerox in exchange for a tour of their research center to finally bring the user friendly graphical user interface, as well as the mouse, to the masses. Steve Jobs was shown what Xerox PARC team had developed, and directed Apple to improve upon it. In 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh, the first mass-market computer with a graphical user interface and a mouse.
Microsoft later caught on and produced Windows, and the historic competition between the two companies started, resulting in improvements to the graphical user interface to this day.
Meanwhile IBM was dominating the PC market with their IBM PC, and Microsoft was riding on their coat tails by being the one to produce and sell the operating system for the IBM PC known as “DOS” or “Disk Operating System”. Macintosh, with its graphical user interface, was meant to dislodge IBM’s dominance, but Microsoft made this more difficult with their PC-compatible Windows operating system with its own GUI.
As it turned out the idea of a laptop-like portable computer existed even before it was possible to create one, and it was developed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay whom called it the Dynabook and intended it for children. The first portable computer that was created was the Xerox Notetaker, but only 10 were produced.
The first laptop that was commercialized was Osborne 1 in 1981, with a small 5″ CRT monitor and a keyboard that sits inside of the lid when closed. It ran CP/M (the OS that Microsoft bought and based DOS on). Later portable computers included Bondwell 2 released in 1985, also running CP/M, which was among the first with a hinge-mounted LCD display. Compaq Portable was the first IBM PC compatible computer, and it ran MS-DOS, but was less portable than Bondwell 2. Other examples of early portable computers included Epson HX-20, GRiD compass, Dulmont Magnum, Kyotronic 85, Commodore SX-64, IBM PC Convertible, Toshiba T1100, T1000, and T1200 etc.
The first portable computers which resemble modern laptops in features were Apple’s Powerbooks, which first introduced a built-in trackball, and later a trackpad and optional color LCD screens. IBM’s ThinkPad was largely inspired by Powerbook’s design, and the evolution of the two led to laptops and notebook computers as we know them. Powerbooks were eventually replaced by modern MacBook Pro’s.
Of course, much of the evolution of portable computers was enabled by the evolution of microprocessors, LCD displays, battery technology and so on. This evolution ultimately allowed computers even smaller and more portable than laptops, such as PDAs, tablets, and smartphones.
